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Terminating Irrevocable Trusts I: Changing What Can’t Be Changed

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Baron Law LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, offers information for you to reflect upon while you are setting out looking for an estate planning attorney to help protect as much of your assets as you can.  For more comprehensive information contact Baron Law Cleveland to draft your comprehensive estate plan to endeavor to keep more of your assets for your heirs and not hand them over to the government by way of taxes.

Irrevocable trusts are trusts in which the grantor, i.e. the trust maker, relinquishes all control and ownership over the trust and the assets used to fund the trust. Thus, in theory, the trust can only be changed or canceled per the ways denoted by trusts terms and usually only then with the blessing of the trustee and/or trust beneficiaries.  

So, why would anyone give up control to another and chose to use irrevocable trusts? Conversely with living trusts, grantors keep “the keys” to the trust while with irrevocable trusts “the keys” are given up. In the eyes of the law, generally, what is inside an irrevocable trust no longer belongs to the grantor. Thus, grantors aren’t taxed on what’s inside these trusts and those with claims against the grantor can’t extend potential recovery to these assets as well. This is all well and good, but with everything in life, situations change. A previous estate plan, and accompanying established trusts, sometimes no longer serve the best interest of the grantor and their family. With current sky-high estate tax exemptions, the normal administrative costs associated with trust management, and, perhaps, an adjusting need for liquidity or differing type of asset control, some individuals are evaluating whether it’s worth keeping an irrevocable trust. If this is you, don’t despair. Despite what their name suggests, irrevocable, there are ways to terminate an irrevocable trust. Before, however, anything drastic like trust termination occurs, always consult an experienced Cleveland estate planning attorney to figure out all your options and plot the best course of action.  

Now if after consultation with professionals regarding your estate plan reveals that your irrevocable trust no longer serves your best interests, termination is an option. There are several methods for terminating trusts in Ohio, termination by court order, termination via private agreement, and termination by discretionary distribution. This blog concerns primarily the first method, court ordered trust termination.

   1.Court-Ordered Trust Termination  

In 2007 Ohio passed the Ohio Trust Code which governs the creation, management, and termination of trusts. Chapter 5804 primarily is the vehicle courts use to terminate trusts depending on the circumstances. Now, the most common circumstances in which this method of termination is used is either via independent motion on a probate court to terminate a trust for justifiable cause or as a recovery prayer in a civil suit that someway touches on a trust significantly enough to justify termination. Again, consult an experienced Ohio estate planning attorney, they will know when, how, and where to commence trust termination proceedings.    

       A.Trust Termination by Revocation or by Terms 

Per O.R.C. § 5804.10, a trust may be terminated to the extent that a court finds that: 

  1. It is revoked or expired pursuant to its terms; 
  2. There is no remaining purpose of the trust to be achieved; 
  3. The purpose of the trust has become unlawful or impossible. 

This particular code section denotes the authority/power of the court to terminate a trust. The respective standing, or ability, for a grantor, trustee, and trust beneficiary to petition to terminate a trust are also denoted within the Ohio Trust Code. Note, however, that within R.C. § 5804.10 no mention of settlor, trustee, or beneficiary consent is denoted. This means that if a court thinks termination of a trust is appropriate, they can do so. Now whether or not a particular probate court will take the feelings and considerations of the settlor, trustee, or beneficiaries into account when deciding to terminate a trust is dependent on the judge and jurisdiction. Again, you never can guarantee a particular outcome when you resort to court intervention. That is why you should always consult with an estate planning attorney before asking a court to do anything with your trust.        

        B. Termination of Noncharitable Irrevocable Trust 

Per O.R.C. § 5804.11, an irrevocable trust can be terminated by agreement, authorized by a court, with the consent of the settlor and all of the beneficiaries. Note, however, the trustee’s consent is not required. Though technically a court must approve of termination via § 5804.11, if all valid consent is obtained from the settlor and beneficiaries and all are competent to give such consent, a probate court will almost always approve of the termination and issue the order even if such termination is inconsistent with the terms of the trust and the trust’s material purposes.  

       C. Court Intervention Due to Changing Circumstances  

 Per O.R.C. § 5804.12, a probate court may terminate a trust due to a change in circumstances that has occurred since its creation. Per this section of the Ohio Trust Code:   

(A) The court may modify the terms of a trust or terminate the trust if because of circumstances not anticipated by the settlor modification or termination will further the purposes of the trust. To the extent practicable, the court shall make the modification in accordance with the settlor’s probable intention. 

(B) The court may modify the administrative terms of a trust if continuation of the trust on its existing terms would be impracticable or impair the trust’s administration. 

Further, upon termination of trust via this section, the trustee must distribute the trust property in a manner consistent with the purposes of the trust. O.R.C. § 5804.12 (C). An action under this section to terminate a trust may only be brought by a trustee or beneficiary and a court must act as close as possible to the probable wishes of the settlor but only to the extent practicable in the circumstances. Further, a termination under this section must be due to circumstances not anticipated by the settlor and such termination must be in accordance with the trust purposes. As such, though circumstances may allow for termination of a trust, interested parties just being disgruntled or dissatisfied with a trust’s management is not sufficient to warrant termination.    

Trusts are a useful estate planning tool to ensure increased permanence of your lifetime earnings and instructions down through the generations. Like all things, however, nothing is unalterable. Being aware of the potential reasons and methods for revoking irrevocable trusts can allow a settlor to dictate more effective terms but also allow avenues for change if completely unexpected or frustrating events occur. An experienced Cleveland estate planning attorney is invaluable in creating, managing, and, if the time comes, terminating your trusts.     

 Helping You And Your Loved Ones Plan For The Future

About the Author: 

Mike is a contracted attorney at Baron Law LLC who specializes in civil litigation, estate planning, and probate law. He is a member of the Westshore Bar Association, the Ohio State Bar Association, the Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Association, and the Federal Bar Association for the Northern District of Ohio. He can be reached at mike@baronlawcleveland.com.   

Disclaimer: 

The information contained herein is general in nature, is provided for informational and educational purposes only, and should not be construed as legal or tax advice. The author nor Baron Law LLC cannot and does not guarantee that such information is accurate, complete, or timely. Laws of a particular state or laws that may be applicable in a given situation may impact the applicability, accuracy, or completeness of the preceding information. Further, federal and state laws and regulations are complex and subject to change. Changes in such laws often have material impact on estate planning and tax forecasts. As such, the author and Baron Law LLC make no warranties regarding the herein information or any results arising from its use. Furthermore, the author and Baron Law LLC disclaim any liability arising out of your use of, or any financial position taken in reliance on, such information. As always consult an attorney regarding your specific legal or tax situation.

A Trust Unfunded Is Just Paper And Ink, The Importance Of Funding Your Trust,

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Baron Law LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, offers information for you to reflect upon while you are setting out looking for an estate planning attorney to help protect as much of your assets as you can.  For more comprehensive information contact Baron Law Cleveland to draft your comprehensive estate plan to endeavor to keep more of your […]

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I’ve Changed My Mind, How Do I Modify Or Revoke My Trust?

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Baron Law LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, offers information for you to reflect upon while you are setting out looking for an estate planning attorney to help protect as much of your assets as you can.  For more comprehensive information contact Baron Law Cleveland to draft your comprehensive estate plan to endeavor to keep more of your assets for your heirs and not hand them over to the government by way of taxes.

People change their minds. Circumstances change, family dynamics shift, realities, needs, and desires are fluid. Estate plans reflect the lives of their owners at the moment of their creation. As such, the want, and sometimes need, to adjust and change an estate plan is common. And since a major part of many people’s estate plans are one or more trusts, it is important to understand when, how, and if you can change the terms your trusts or eliminate them outright.

Modifying or revoking an existent trust is not a straight forward prospect. Trusts fundamentally are legal agreements and thus, are bound by Ohio law and procedure. Trusts bring with them a multitude of benefits, from tax incentives, asset protection, and privacy. The other side of trust use is the conformity with the law and strict adherence to, sometimes burdensome, procedure. The law must ensure any changes to trust terms are legitimate and do not improperly harm the settlor, named beneficiaries, or trust assets. What can or cannot be changed within a trust and who can or cannot effectuate that change largely depends on the type of trust and the circumstances of its creation. The modification or revocation of an existing trust is a nuanced area of law, as such, an experienced Ohio estate planning attorney should be retained at the earliest possible opportunity.

The first question to ask regarding changing a trust is, what type of trust do you have? Though there exist numerous types of trusts out there, the focus here is between revocable and irrevocable trusts. Generally, modification or revocation by a settlor is not available for irrevocable trusts. Hence, the significance of the irrevocable nature of irrevocable trusts. (Though recent changes in Ohio law made it possible to overcome the difficulties to revoke or amend an irrevocable trust, that is a topic for a later discussion.) So, amending or revoking a trust primarily concerns revocable trusts. The next question is how many settlors, i.e. trust makers, are there?

Only one Trust Maker

If there is only one trust maker for a revocable trust, revoking or amending a trust is straightforward. Either follow the instructions in the trust documents or use a method that is highly likely to follow the intent of the individual who made the trust, curiously in this instance, you. Ohio law provides:

The settlor may revoke or amend a revocable trust by substantial compliance with a method provided in the terms of the trust or, if the terms of the trust do not provide a method, by any method manifesting clear and convincing evidence of the settlor’s intent… O.R.C. § 5806.02 (C).

Clear and convincing evidence is a legal term of art that means, in this context, the method of revocation or amendment is highly and substantially more probable than not to be true to the intent of the trust settlor. Obviously, this is a subjective standard so, in most cases, if you give a good faith effort and act honestly with no nefarious purpose, you should be alright. Even more obvious is that this situation can be avoided, and no subjective standard need be considered, if the terms of your trust are competently and comprehensively drafted, properly addressing the possibility of revocation and/or amendment within the terms of the trust. This is why an experience Cleveland estate planning attorney is critical, you really can’t put a price on good legal drafting.

Two or More Trust Makers

If there are two or more settlors, it gets more complicated because each party has an equal say in modifying or amending the trust. Thus, the rules attempt to strike a balance between the party who wants a change and the party who doesn’t, focusing primarily on the type(s) of trust property effected by the potential change. Ohio law provides:

If a revocable trust is created or funded by more than one settlor, all of the following apply:

To the extent the trust consists of community property, either spouse acting alone may revoke the trust, but the trust may be amended only by joint action of both spouses.

To the extent the trust consists of property other than community property, each settlor may revoke or amend the trust with regard to the portion of the trust property attributable to that settlor’s contribution.

Upon the revocation or amendment of the trust by less than all of the settlors, the trustee shall promptly notify the other settlors of the revocation or amendment.

Since Ohio is not a community property state, the rule regarding community property is really only relevant in situations where Ohio couples or joint owners possess property in foreign states which follow community property law, such as Wisconsin or California. For most, the non-community property rule applies most of the time. Here, trust amendment or revocation power is tied to original trust property ownership. This is why accurate and timely accounting of trust funding is paramount, so you can track who put what in and have evidence to back it up. Again, this is why an experienced Ohio estate planning attorney is important, he’ll remind you to keep an accounting of your trust funding to provide for this possibility. Granted, this rule does not expressly provide how to account for jointly owned property put in trust. Ohio law does address this possibility, however, it won’t be examined at this time. Ask your estate planning attorney if you’re looking to amend or revoke a joint trust which was funded with jointly owned property.

Ohio law also allows your power of attorney and guardian of the estate to revoke or amend a trust, however, only to the extent expressly authorized by both the terms of the trust and the authority given to your agent. Make sure the terms of your power of attorney and/or guardianship provide for this contingency. Changing a trust in anyway is a serious action that deserve serious consideration of its consequences. Consult a local estate planning attorney to make sure this is the best course of action and any hidden pitfalls are revealed before acting.

Helping You And Your Loved Ones Plan For The Future

 

About the author: Mike E. Benjamin, Esq.

Mike is a contracted attorney at Baron Law LLC who specializes in civil litigation, estate planning, and probate law. He is a member of the Westshore Bar Association, the Ohio State Bar Association, the Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Association, and the Federal Bar Association for the Northern District of Ohio. He can be reached at mike@baronlawcleveland.com.

Disclaimer:

The information contained herein is general in nature, is provided for informational and educational purposes only, and should not be construed as legal or tax advice. The author nor Baron Law LLC cannot and does not guarantee that such information is accurate, complete, or timely. Laws of a particular state or laws that may be applicable in a given situation may impact the applicability, accuracy, or completeness of the preceding information. Further, federal and state laws and regulations are complex and subject to change. Changes in such laws often have material impact on estate planning and tax forecasts. As such, the author and Baron Law LLC make no warranties regarding the herein information or any results arising from its use. Furthermore, the author and Baron Law LLC disclaim any liability arising out of your use of, or any financial position taken in reliance on, such information. As always consult an attorney regarding your specific legal or tax situation.

 

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What Is An Estate Plan, Part II – Life Documents? 

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Baron Law LLC, of Cleveland, Ohio, offers the following information on different components of an Estate Plan.  To see what plan is best suited for your needs, contact Baron Law, LLC, Cleveland, Ohio

In a previous post, last will and testaments, guardianships, and letters of intent were explored. These documents however, only provide a partial estate plan and focus primarily on conveying one’s wishes and property in the event of death. Estate plans, at least those competently prepared, are comprehensive and should also provide guidance and instructions for critical situations during life as well.  

Who will manage my finances and investments if I am sick or incapacitated? Who will pick what doctor treats me or if a risky but potentially lifesaving procedure should be performed? What if I am put on life sustaining medical support? In what situations and for how long will I remain on such support, if I want to be on it at all? These types of issues and questions also must be addressed and accounted for by your estate plan. That is why finding and working with experienced Cleveland estate planning attorneys are so critical. These types of decisions and potential consequences for your life and well being are not things that should be done on the fly or with doctors and stressed out family members demanding a decision.  

Power of Attorney 

A will provides the instructions necessary for estate administration while trusts provide tax relief and flexibility with asset distribution, however, both primarily operate postmortem and fail to address critical issues prior to death. That is where your powers of attorney come into play. A power of attorney comes in many forms but its primary purpose is to grant authority to one or more responsible parties to handle financial or health decisions of the decedent in the event of illness or other incapacity. Life, and its associated obligations and burdens, tend to continue regardless of one’s physical or mental health. Powers of attorney are protection that ensures affairs are handled and medical wishes are followed even if you are lacking capacity in mind or body.  

 In your estate plan you will want both a financial power of attorney and a healthcare power of attorney. Both are agency agreements that grant another individual the authority to make decisions, within a certain sphere of decisions whose terms you dictate, on your behalf. A financial power of attorney, as the name suggests, grants your agent the authority to make financial decisions for you. Managing investments, buying selling land or property, representing you in business negotiations, etc. Healthcare power of attorney works the same way but with healthcare decisions. If you are incapacitated or otherwise can’t decide for yourself, your agent will decide who your doctor is, what treatment you undergo, what medication should be administered, etc.  

As always, the terms, powers, and limits for your agents are decided by you in the documents that appoint your agent. If you want to add limits on how long they are appointed, what issues they can or cannot decide, or when exactly their powers manifest, you can do so. Furthermore, you always possess the authority to dismiss them outright or appoint someone new.  

Powers of attorney are important to have because surviving spouses or family members will face difficulty and frustration gaining access to things like bank accounts and property that is in your name only. This can be especially damaging within the context of business or professional relations in which the “gears of industry” must keep moving. Alas, if an individual trusted to handle the business if something happens doesn’t possess the authority to so, significant or even fatal business consequences may result. The same goes for medical decisions, often treatment decisions must be made right there and then. Hesitation may mean permanent damage or death to you and if someone doesn’t have express authority to make those decisions, things get confusing, messy, and take a lot longer.  

If you decide not to draft one or more powers of attorney and you under up incapacitated, then in certain situations a court is forced to appoint either a guardian or conservator and the family is effectively cut off from independently managing the relevant affairs of the incapacitated family member. Further, if a court is forced to action, the entire process will take longer, cost more, be public knowledge, and is immensely more complex than it otherwise should be. Having an experienced Ohio estate planning attorney draft the appropriate POAs can avoid a lot of headache and save a lot of money down the line.  

 Living Will 

 Your living will, sometimes called a healthcare proxy, is usually paired with your healthcare power of attorney. A living will is a document that conveys your particular instructions to certain medical situations, principally impending death or prolonged terminal conditions, i.e. accepting or declining of life saving medical care. Lesser issues, such blood transfusions or non-life threatening organ or tissue transplants are covered under a healthcare power of attorney. That is why it is important to have both in effect, so all your bases are covered.   

Often estate planning clients say that they have communicated their wishes about life support, however, often how it really turns out, friends and family are unaware of an incapacitated person’s medical directives or they may choose to discount or ignore previous conversations, believing that you will pull through against all odds and medical advice. By memorializing your medical directives via a living will, medical staff will consult the document at the appropriate time and carry out the your wishes. This takes the stress of critical care decisions off the shoulders of loved ones and removes any opportunity for foul play or misinterpretation. Leaving any agency to family and friends to decide whether or not you live or die is traumatic, regardless how often and loudly say you don’t want life support.  Living wills, considering the literal life determining authority they convey are subject to strict rules regarding drafting and execution. As such, an experience Cleveland estate planning attorney must be retained.  

 HIPAA Authorization 

 This estate document is relatively straight forward and gives medical providers the authority to disclose protected medical information. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act is a Federal law that established national standards on healthcare providers which protected patients’ healthcare information. Within this Act, there is are privacy rules that dictate when, how, and to who protected healthcare information may be used or disclosed. A HIPAA authorization is a form that memorializes your permission for healthcare providers to tell your friends and family what is going on with you if you are ever sick/injured and hospitalized.   

Failure to draft and properly execute this authorization can lead to serious consequences for your family and future medical treatments. Your loved ones will be stressed out if the doctors can’t tell them what is going on with you and time and money will be wasted if they also must navigate the convoluted hospital bureaucracy. Often it takes months just to get in to see a general practitioner, how long do you think it would take for multiple hospital administrators to get around you not having a HIPAA authorization filled out in advance? A little foresight and pre-planning goes a long way.     

Powers of attorney, living wills, and HIPAA authorizations combined with wills, guardianships, and letters of intent make up the lion’s share of any comprehensive estate plan. These documents alone, however, don’t adequately address all the issues and concerns people have regarding planning their estate. Questions of preferable tax treatment for estate assets, avoiding probate, and Medicaid planning, to name a few, are all things better addressed by smart use of T.O.D. designations and trust-based strategies. Planning your estate is a particularized process crafted to your needs and wants. Contact an Ohio estate planning attorney to find out the best way to plan and protect your assets and money in the event of known and unknown problems.  

You don’t have to be rich to protect what you’ve spent a lifetime trying to build. To find out whether a trust is right for your family, take the one-minute questionnaire at www.DoIneedaTrust.com. There are a number of different trusts available and the choices are infinite. With every scenario, careful consideration of every trust planning strategy should be considered for the maximum asset protection and tax savings. For more information, you can contact Dan A. Baron of Baron Law LLC at 216-573-3723. Baron Law LLC is a Cleveland, Ohio area law firm focusing on estate planning and elder law. Dan can also be reached at dan@baronlawcleveland.com.  

About the author: Mike E. Benjamin, Esq.  

Mike is a contracted attorney at Baron Law LLC who specializes in civil litigation, estate planning, and probate law. He is a member of the Westshore Bar Association, the Ohio State Bar Association, the Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Association, and the Federal Bar Association for the Northern District of Ohio. He can be reached at mike@baronlawcleveland.com.   

Disclaimer: 

The information contained herein is general in nature, is provided for informational and educational purposes only, and should not be construed as legal or tax advice. The author nor Baron Law LLC cannot and does not guarantee that such information is accurate, complete, or timely. Laws of a particular state or laws that may be applicable in a given situation may impact the applicability, accuracy, or completeness of the preceding information. Further, federal and state laws and regulations are complex and subject to change. Changes in such laws often have material impact on estate planning and tax forecasts. As such, the author and Baron Law LLC make no warranties regarding the herein information or any results arising from its use. Furthermore, the author and Baron Law LLC disclaim any liability arising out of your use of, or any financial position taken in reliance on, such information. As always consult an attorney regarding your specific legal or tax situation.  

 

What Is An Estate Plan, Part I – Death Documents

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Baron Law LLC, of Cleveland, Ohio, offers the following information on different components of an Estate Plan.  To see what plan is best suited for your needs, contact Baron Law, LLC, Cleveland, Ohio

Estate planning is a concept that many people know about, but few fully understand. To most, planning an estate consists simply of establishing a trust or drafting a will. Granted, these are indispensable aspects but such a limited view only serves to handicap successfully preparing for impending mortality.

Aside from ensuring assets pass to heirs a comprehensive estate plan can address a innumerable issues and provide effective solutions. Estate plans may be tailored to provide consistent income for retirement, guarantee responsible individuals are in place in moments of crisis, and medical wishes are communicated and followed. At the end of the day, however, an estate plan is simply a collection of legal documents. Each legal document has a specific purpose, possesses particular advantages, legal conventions, and applicable situations. Nevertheless, most estate plans do consist of a “core” of legal documents that are often advantageous to have regardless of health or financial situation. An estate attorney will draft the documents critical for a given situation but the following is a list of the “core” legal documents that will likely make up any estate plan.

The following consists of the typical documents within a traditional estate plan and is by no means exhaustive. Estate plans are reflective of their owners and are tailored specifically to that person or couple and the needs of surviving family members and financial interests. Again, an attorney is in the best position to advise and guide you on what the major estate planning concerns are and the best legal methods to take. This part of a two-part series discusses the estate planning documents largely concerned with providing instructions in the event of death.

Last Will and Testament

A last will and testament is the document most people associate with estate planning. The will memorializes the “last wishes” of a decedent and guides surviving friends and family on how to split up an estate according to the beneficiary designations and instructions present in the document. There are many types of wills and each one is drafted uniquely for the individual and their estate.

Though wills are specifically created, all share important uses and common characteristics. Again, wills bequest particular money and assets to chosen friends and family. Further, they provide for the how and when such bequests will take place. Some instruct money only to be given on an 18th birthday or only between children of a first marriage. Of critical importance, wills are also the primary method of election of guardians for minor children or disabled familial charges and executors of the estate. The provision of guardianship, a clear plan for property distribution post death, and executor election are the primary incentives for drafting a will. Addressing all is an utmost necessity for ensuring peace of mind for those left behind.

Wills, with some exceptions, all possess the same legal conventions controlling their creation. The point of these legal rules is to ensure the legitimacy of the will, the authenticity of the last wishes evidenced by the document, and protect estates from predatory practices and opportunists. Generally, a legally operative will must be in writing, signed by testator of sound mind, and witnessed by two competent witnesses.

While most estate assets are covered under a will, some assets are not. The following are an example common asset outside of a will, also sometimes referred to as non-testamentary assets: retirement accounts, life insurance proceeds, and property owned jointly with right of survivorship. Non-testamentary assets are normally bequeathed by independent beneficiary designations within the documents of creation or on associated accounts. As such, these assets normally do not undergo probate and are available to beneficiaries much quicker than assets passed via a will and the longer probate process. Distinguishing between testamentary and non-testamentary assets can have critical tax consequences for an estate, as such, please consult an estate attorney for guidance.

Wills are a mainstay and common tool for estate planning, however, its drafting can rapidly grow in complexity due to a convoluted family structure or an expansive estate. Again, an attorney should be retained to draft a will thus ensuring last wishes are effectively communicated and legally valid within a probate court. Failure to draft a will or an improperly drafted or implemented one may result in assets going to improper parties, an undesired executor administrating an estate, irresponsible or unknown guardians for minor children, or undue legal fees and court costs.

Guardianship Designations for Minor Children

A critical concern for most people with young children is, who is going to take care of my children if I’m not here? Ensuring that financially stable friends or family willing to raise children exist affords piece of mind to parents in the event of sudden or unexpected death. Also, proactively addressing guardianship lets parents pick like-minded guardians in regards to personal, lifestyle, or religious views so surviving children are still, at least partially, raised in the manner they desire.

The easiest way to designate a guardian is to name that person or persons in the last will and testament. Then upon death, if the children are not yet 18, a probate court in most situations will appoint the named individuals as guardians according to the specified instructions. A simple will guardian designation, however, may not be convenient or appropriate in certain situations. Family compositions often change, such as in divorce or estrangement, or previously nominated guardians pass away thus negating the express wishes within a will. As such, amending or redrafting a will every time a different guardian is preferable can be time consuming and expensive.

Another way, however, exists to appoint a guardian outside of a will. An independent writing, other than a durable power of attorney, signed, witnessed, notarized, and filed with the appropriate probate court, specifying an appropriate guardian, is sufficient to convey such responsibilities. This method is relatively inexpensive and affords more flexibility to concerned parents. This independent writing method is not meant to affect any other issue or provision within a last will and testament other than appointment of guardians in the event of death. Note, an attorney will be able to resolve and watch for any potential issues regarding contradictory guardianship designations in separate estate planning documents.

Unfortunately, not everyone is blessed with a stable home life or responsible extended family. As such, proper guardian designation documentation is important and alleviates stress for parents, especially within the context of debilitating disease or deteriorating health. Further, appropriate designation avoids the involvement of child services and the courts in determining custody, eliminates the prospect of child trauma and stress upon children and concerned family during transition, and ensures surviving children have no opportunity to become wards of the state.

Letter of Intent

The aforementioned documents taken together serve to mostly illustrate and communicate a decedent’s final wishes. Everything, however, is subject to interpretation. Take the phone game most people played as children for example. A message begins at one end of a chain and, through repetitive communication and subtle shifts in language and understanding, comes out at the end completely different than how it started. A letter of intent fills in any gaps in understanding and prevents manipulation, subtle or overt, of estate instructions.

A letter of intent is a simple document that provides comprehensive instructions for what the decedent views is the most critical information and desired outcomes of an estate plan. The letter, however, is an informal document that is not legally binding upon a probate court. That being said, courts generally rely on them during probate proceedings because there is no greater authority than a decedent’s own words. After all, the entire point of probate is to distribute estate assets as close to a decedent’s intent as possible after the fact. Common instructions within a letter of intent include: guardian designations for minor children, if not detailed in a last will and testament, specific methods for bequests, the location of assets, funeral details, and the locations of estranged family members or friends chosen as beneficiaries. A decedent’s letter of intent in an additional effort to eliminate any confusion or room for interpretation within an estate plan.

Further, a letter of intent may serve as an alternative to adding on to an existing will independent of a codicil. Again, the letter itself is not legally binding like a codicil would be but it is relatively inexpensive, quick, and may serve as a viable substitute in a crunch. In Ohio, codicils are governed by strict legal conventions while letters of intent are not. As such, letters may be the document of last resort in situations of impending mortality or incapacity. As most probate judges agree, something is better than nothing. Note, however, a letter of intent is never a substitute for a will. Always consult with an attorney regarding how to best utilize a letter of intent in conjunction with other estate planning documents.

Your last will and testament, guardianship designations, and letter of intent are all critical estate planning documents, however, taken together they only offer partial protection and primarily focus on providing instructions after death. In the next part of the series the estate documents of the living will, HIPPA authorization, and healthcare and durable powers of attorney, which concentrate on providing instructions during life, are explored. Taken together, all the documents explored during this series can provide comprehensive protection for the most critical issues of both life and death.

You don’t have to be rich to protect what you’ve spent a lifetime trying to build. To find out whether a trust is right for your family, take the one-minute questionnaire at www.DoIneedaTrust.com. There are a number of different trusts available and the choices are infinite. With every scenario, careful consideration of every trust planning strategy should be considered for the maximum asset protection and tax savings.

For more information, you can contact Mike Benjamin of Baron Law LLC at 216-573-3723. Baron Law LLC is a Cleveland, Ohio area law firm focusing on estate planning and elder law. Mike can also be reached at mike@baronlawcleveland.com.

Helping You and Your Loved Ones Plan for the Future.

About the author: Mike E. Benjamin, Esq.

Mike is a contracted attorney at Baron Law LLC who specializes in civil litigation, estate planning, and probate law. He is a member of the Westshore Bar Association, the Ohio State Bar Association, the Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Association, and the Federal Bar Association for the Northern District of Ohio. He can be reached at mike@baronlawcleveland.com.

Disclaimer:

The information contained herein is general in nature, is provided for informational and educational purposes only, and should not be construed as legal or tax advice. The author nor Baron Law LLC cannot and does not guarantee that such information is accurate, complete, or timely. Laws of a particular state or laws that may be applicable in a given situation may impact the applicability, accuracy, or completeness of the preceding information. Further, federal and state laws and regulations are complex and subject to change. Changes in such laws often have material impact on estate planning and tax forecasts. As such, the author and Baron Law LLC make no warranties regarding the herein information or any results arising from its use. Furthermore, the author and Baron Law LLC disclaim any liability arising out of your use of, or any financial position taken in reliance on, such information. As always consult an attorney regarding your specific legal or tax situation.

Planning for Married Couples Using Portability and Bypass Trusts

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Planning for Married Couples Using Portability and Bypass Trusts

 As Seen Published in the Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Journal

Significant expansion of the federal estate tax exclusion has dramatically changed how estate planning professionals plan for married couples.   In 2000 when the federal estate tax exclusion was merely $675,000 and federal tax rates peaked at fifty-five percent (55%), bypass trusts or “credit shelter trusts” were a popular means of sheltering wealth to preserve assets for a surviving spouse and children.   Today however, the exclusion amount has grown to an astounding $5.49 million per-spouse which is now “portable” and can be carried over to the surviving spouse’s estate.  Thus, significant changes in recent years have compelled estate planning attorneys to consider the concept of portability versus bypass trusts.

What is a Bypass Trust?

Bypass trusts are historically an effective tool designed to minimize estate taxes by sheltering wealth into a trust.   The concept is pretty straightforward: every individual is afforded an exemption amount that permits their estate to transfer to a surviving party without suffering loss to federal estate taxes.  Conversely, before portability, married couples would lose one of these exemptions at the death of the first spouse.  At the death of the second spouse, if the value of the estate exceeded the surviving spouse’s exemption, it would be taxed at the federal estate tax rate.   For example, when the exemption amount was $675,000 in the year 2000, a person dying with $1 million in his or her estate would result in $178,750 in federal estate taxes because the remaining $325,000 over the exemption is taxed.

Married couples could avoid these tax implications by directing some of their estate to a bypass trust that would support the needs of the surviving spouse, while also sheltering that portion of the estate from unnecessary taxation. This may be accomplished by dividing the estate into two portions.  Instead of leaving the entire estate to a surviving spouse, the deceased spouse leaves assets for their children in one trust account and a separate trust account for the surviving spouse’s benefit.  Assets placed in the separate trust account for children reduce, if not eliminate, estate taxes entirely.

Advantages for Larger Estates Using Bypass Trusts

With larger estates, bypass trusts may be a better planning option when considering the financial and tax implications for married couples.  By far the greatest advantage is that appreciation of the trust assets and undistributed income will not be subject to federal estate tax upon the surviving spouse’s passing.   This is especially important for assets in the decedent’s estate that may appreciate drastically before the surviving spouse’s death.  In addition, if intergenerational planning is important, bypass trusts are likely a better option over portability because they allow for use of the generation-skipping tax exclusion of the first spouse to pass.  Portability is not available for the generation-skipping tax exemption thus, portability would simply not work.

Providing Asset Protection

Aside from the tax implications, asset protection will sometimes compel the need for establishing a bypass trust over portability.   If properly drafted, the trust creates a certain level of asset protection for children and a surviving spouse.  Coupled with credit shelter spendthrift provisions, the trust may preclude the assets from being attacked by the creditors of trust beneficiaries.  This form of asset protection is particularly important and commonly used for beneficiaries who are in a “shaky marriage” and/or who have spending issues.  While a surviving spouse may not have obvious significant creditor or litigation risks (like being a surgeon or professional athlete), creditor protection should always be on the horizon.  When compared to portability, the fact remains that estate planning using bypass trusts can remain relevant at nearly all levels of net worth if the driving reason for the trust is a non-tax concern.

Disadvantages

Bypass trusts serve an important and necessary purpose to preserve an estate against creditors and divorce.  However, for smaller estates, this protection comes with taxable consequences.   Unlike the use of portability, there is no second step-up in basis at the death of surviving spouse.   For smaller estates, this could leave beneficiaries paying a great deal in income tax upon the disposition of the asset.  Further, undistributed income of the trust can be subject to higher income tax rates than individuals.  In addition, although minimal, there may be an added annual expense of filing a trust tax return.  Finally, the use of bypass trusts will require the retitling of assets which can sometimes be tedious and relatively costly.

What is Portability?

The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 has been a game changing concept when planning for married couples.   Since the Act, portability is now a permanent part of the federal estate tax system, which means each spouse’s estate tax exclusion that is unused at death is portable and can be carried over to the surviving spouse.   It has effectively doubled the exemption amount for combined assets of married couples to over $10 million.  With portability, assets are stepped up in basis at the death of the first spouse, and then are stepped up again at the death of surviving spouse.   For families with larger retirement assets, portability has proven to have several advantages.

Advantages of Portability

The biggest advantage for using portability, especially for smaller to medium estates, is the use of step-up in basis.   This is in contrast to using a bypass trust, where the assets are stepped up at the death of the first spouse, but not at the death of the second spouse.   Compared with bypass trusts, there is no need to retitle assets or divide assets into separate trust shares when using portability.    For the most part, portability is simple and can be utilized even in lieu of estate planning prior to death.

Downside to Portability

If the client’s goal is to protect assets of beneficiaries from remarriage, creditors, and/or divorce, then portability is probably not the only planning tool that should be considered.   With portability, a portion of inherited assets are subject to the surviving spouse’s present and future creditors, as well as creditors in bankruptcy and, if the surviving spouse remarries and then divorces, to ex-spouses.   Additionally, portability is not available for the generation-skipping tax exemption.    Although retitling of assets is not required, the use of portability is not automatic.   Timely estate tax returns must be filed and may require additional cost from tax professionals.

A Quick Comparison

Let’s assume Ken and Kathy have a combined net worth of $10.98 million.   Ken dies in 2016 and Kathy dies in 2026.  During this 10-year period we will assume the federal estate tax rate will be forty percent (40%) and they live in a state with no estate or income tax.

Using Portability

Ken forgoes setting up a trust and instead relies on portability. Let’s assume that over the ten-year period after Ken’s death,   the total estate grows at a modest five percent (5%) annually.  This would yield a total combined estate of $17.88 million when Kathy dies in 2026. Not taking into account inflation, Kathy’s total estate tax exclusion will be both Ken’s unused portion plus her own, totaling $10.98 million.  Consequently, the total amount subject to estate tax is $6.9 million ($17.88m – $10.98).  At a forty percent (40%) tax rate, the possible resulting federal estate tax is $2.76 million.

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Portability Chart

Using Bypass Trusts

Now let’s assume that Ken created a bypass trust which at death would become irrevocable and funded the family trust account to its maximum of $5.49 million.  When Kathy dies 10 years later, all of the appreciation within the family trust will escape estate tax.  Here, the resulting taxable estate is $3.45 million opposed to $6.9 using portability.  Kathy still maintains her $5.49 exclusion resulting in the total estate tax of $1.38 million.

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bypass trust chart comparing portability

In sum, portability has the benefit of simplicity and $5.49 million of a portable exemption.  For smaller estates without intergenerational or asset protection concerns, portability appears to be the better option.  On the other hand, regardless of the size of the estate, bypass trusts remain effective at all levels of net worth if the driving reason is non-tax related.    Estate planning goes well beyond the comparison of portability versus bypass trusts and careful consideration of the client’s needs should be implemented into every plan.   For more information, contact Baron Law LLC at 216-573-3723 or dan@baronlawcleveland.com

Top Reasons For Needing a Trust

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Top Reasons For Having a Trust

When creating an estate plan, the biggest mistake people make is thinking they need to be rich in order to have a trust – that is completely false.  If you’re not Warren Buffet, you may still have other non-monetary reasons for creating a trust like asset protection, control, tax savings, Medicaid planning, and/or litigation and creditor protection.   Even if your estate is worth less than $100,000, you may still be in an ideal situation to protect your nest egg and what you’ve spent a lifetime trying to build.

Although the situations of needing a trust are infinite, here are a few most common scenarios where you might benefit from creating a trust.  You can also take a one-minute trust questionnaire here, to find out more specifically whether a trust is right for you.

Second Marriages

With divorce rates over fifty percent, the most common reason for creating a trust is where an individual is in their second marriage.  In this scenario, there is nothing preventing the remaining spouse from disinheriting children from a prior marriage.  Consider this example: Husband and Wife are in their second marriage.  Wife has two kids from a prior marriage. Husband does not have kids except for step-children of current marriage.  Wife passes away and leaves everything to Husband, remainder to two kids.  Five years later, Husband meets a much younger Pamela Anderson and gets married.  Husband creates a new estate plan naming Pamela Anderson as primary beneficiary of his estate, remainder to two step-children.  Husband dies.   Pamela then creates a new estate plan, disinheriting children.

Famous Last Words, “I would never get remarried!”

As you can see, this is a very typical example of where some level of control and strategy is needed.  A trust in this example would solve the wife’s concerns entirely.  Here, Wife could have created what is known as a QTIP trust.  In a nut shell, the QTIP would give Husband income from Wife’s estate, plus five percent (5 %) of principal each year.  When Husband dies, the estate MUST be passed to children and cannot be passed to anyone else.  In essence, Wife is able to control her estate even after she’s passed.  She has also ensured her children will never be cut out of the estate, even if it were the unintentional result of Husband.  And if this were not a second marriage, a trust might still make sense for couples wanting to keep the estate within the family and avoid remarriage concerns.

Tax Savings for Children

Receiving an estate comes with taxable consequences.  Although federal estate taxes are not normally at issue, gains on an inheritance can be quite high for children resulting in higher taxes.  For example, a child receiving $100,000 in gains might be placed in a larger tax bracket of 39.9% because their inheritance placed them over the threshold.  The simple solution here is for the child to receive their inheritance over time, opposed to a lump sum. The trust itself will pay income taxes on gains and the children can enjoy a stream of payments over time.

Asset Protection

Depending on the type of trust created, a trust can protect both the creator (you) and beneficiary of trust.  The most common asset protection trust is used for children instead of the creator.  This type of trust is known as a “revocable living trust.” This type of trust gets its name because the creator can revoke, change, or modify, the trust at any time during his/her lifetime.   After the creator passes away, the estate is placed in an “irrevocable trust,” where the trust now cannot be changed.   In other words, the terms you’ve created in trust cannot be changed after you pass away.  Usually the trust maker will set forth terms that would pay children and/or beneficiaries payments over their lifetime.  So long as there is discretion given to the trustee (usually a trusted family member or attorney) the money remaining in trust cannot be attacked by creditors or litigation.  In other words, if a child ends up in a lawsuit, the trustee can cease payments to the child so that the money is protected from the lawsuit.  The same outcome would apply if the child ends up in bankruptcy or owes creditors.

Divorce

It’s well known that in a divorce, all assets are split 50/50.  It doesn’t matter whether one spouse cheated or did something horrible to the other.  Ohio courts will divide all assets accumulated during the marriage 50/50, including an inheritance.  So, if your child inherits $1 million dollars from your estate, and then subsequently gets divorced, the ex-spouse will receive $500,000 of your money.  Using the same example above, you can protect your child’s inheritance by creating a revocable living trust.   Here again, the trustee can turn off the income stream to prevent a disgruntled son-in-law from receiving his unearned share.

Control

No matter how they’re raised, it’s not uncommon for children to be irresponsible or need at least some level of guidance.  With a trust you can create payment terms so that children don’t blow their inheritance on impulsive purchases.  For example, many trusts stipulate that children may only use funds for “health, maintenance, education, and support” until they reach the age of X, thereafter payments made over time to protect against divorce, litigation, and creditors.   This method is very common and puts parents at ease even with responsible children.

You don’t have to be rich to protect what you’ve spent a lifetime trying to build.  To find out whether a trust is right for your family, take the one-minute trust questionnaire at www.DoIneedaTrust.com.  There are a number of different trusts available and the choices are infinite.  With every scenario, careful consideration of every trust planning strategy should be considered for the maximum asset protection and tax savings.  For more information, you can contact Dan A. Baron of Baron Law LLC at 216-573-3723.  Baron Law LLC is a Cleveland, Ohio area law firm focusing on estate planning and elder law.  Dan can also be reached at dan@baronlawcleveland.com

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What is a Trust?

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Cleveland, Ohio Trust Attorney

What is a trust?  What is the difference between a revocable trust and an irrevocable trust?  Why might my estate plan include either one?

Simply put, a trust helps manage your assets and provides clarity for the future.  A trust is a tool that may be used to achieve your financial goals.  There are different types of trusts for specific situations, from special needs trusts for family members with disabilities to charitable trusts that allow charitable giving while maintaining income as needed.  Trusts also fall into the categories of revocable (or living) trusts and irrevocable trusts.

Differences between a revocable and irrevocable trust

  1. Changes or modifications

An irrevocable trust generally cannot be changed or modified under any circumstances, whereas a revocable trust can be modified or revoked at the discretion of the Grantor.  However, the Grantor may maintain a special power of appointment in an irrevocable trust giving him or her the freedom to modify the beneficiaries without changing the benefits.

  1. Property ownership and asset protection

Assets placed in an irrevocable trust no longer belong to the Grantor.  The trust has its own identity.  The Grantor may still use assets for his or her benefit as specified in the trust, but he or she does not own the assets (much like leasing). Creditors cannot claim assets from the Grantor in this case, as the Grantor does not own the assets.

In a revocable trust, the Grantor retains complete ownership of the property.

  1. Estate taxes

As seen above, in an irrevocable trust, the Grantor no longer owns the property.  Thus, it is not included in the value of property at the time of death.  A revocable trust does not change ownership, and thus the value of the property would be included at the time of death. However, keep in mind the unlimited marital exclusion.  Surviving spouses may effectively pass their estate, tax free, to their spouse.  In addition, the 2016 estate tax exclusion is $5.34 million.

  1. Trustees

With an irrevocable trust, the Trustee should be an independent person chosen by the Grantor.  The Trustee should not be a family member, as this could create conflict.  However, with a revocable trust, the Grantor most often serves as the Trustee, maintaining control over the assets in the trust.

  1. Income tax effects

With an irrevocable trust, the trust is its own entity and typically has its own tax identification number and is responsible to file a 1041.  For a revocable trust, the Grantor still owns the assets and files everything on their 1040.

As seen above, the main purpose of an irrevocable trust is to protect assets.  The main purpose of a revocable trust is to avoid probate, simplifying the transfer of assets.  Determining the reason for the trust will allow the Grantor to make an informed decision about what type of trust is best for his or her situation.

And as with all legal and financial planning, laws change, so a consultation with an attorney is advised before creating a trust or any estate plan.  For more information, or to speak with an expert, contact Baron Law LLC at 216-573-3723 or email Dan@baronlawcleveland.com.